Indian Constitution : Articles and Parts

Indian Constitution : Articles and Parts

Indian Constitution when adopted by Constituent Assembly in 1949 had 395 articles and 22 parts.Additional articles and parts are inserted through various amendments. As of now Indian constitution contains  448 articles in 25 parts.There are 12 schedules in the Indian constitution.
The Constitution of India begins with a Preamble which specifies the feature of the Indian State and the objectives it is committed to secure.The constitution of India is the largest written constitution.Indian constitution makes the government system work.

PARTS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Part	Subject	Articles
Part I	The union & Its Territory	Article 1 – 4
Part II	Citizenship	Article 5 – 11
Part III	Fundamental Rights	Article 12 – 35
Part IV	Directive Principles	Article 36 – 51
Part IVA	Fundamental Duties	Article 51A
Part V	The Union	Article 52 – 151
Part VI	The States	Article 152 – 237
Part VII	The States In Part B of the First Schedule	Repealed By Constitution  (7th Amendment)  Act .1956
Part VIII	The Union Territories	Article 239 – 242
Part IX	The Panchayats	Article 243 – 243O
Part IXA	The Municipalities	Article 243 P – 243ZG
Part X	The Scheduled and Tribal Areas	Article 244 – 244A
Part XI	Relations between the Union And The States	Article 245 – 263
Part XII	Finance,Property,Contracts and Suits	Article 264 – 300A
Part XIII	Trade , Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory Of India	Article 301 – 307
Part XIV	Service Under the Union and the States	Article 308 – 323
Part XIVA	Tribunals	Article 323A –  323B
Part XV	Elections	Article 324 – 329(329A -Repealed)
Part XVI	Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes	Article 330 – 342
Part XVII	Official Language	Article 343 – 351
Part XVIII	Emergency provisions	Article 352-360 (359A-Repealed)
Part XIX	Miscellaneous	Article 361 – 367 (362-Repealed)
Part XX	Amendment of the Constitution	Article 368
Part XXI	Temporary Transitional and Special Provisions	Article 369 – 392 (379-391 Repealed)
Part XXII	Short Title,Commencement,Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals	Article 393 – 395

ARTICLES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Part I : The union & Its Territory ( Article 1- 4 )

Article	Importance
1	Name and territory of the Union
2	Admission or establishment of new States
2A	Repealed
3	Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States
4	Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters

    

 Part II :Citizenship  ( Article 5 – 11)

Article	Importance
5	Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
6	Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan
7	Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
8	Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India
9	Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
10	Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
11	Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Part III : Fundamental Rights  ( Article 12 – 35 )

Article	Importance
General
12	Definition.
13	Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights
Right to Equality
14	Equality before law.
15	Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
16	Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
17	Abolition of Untouchability
18	Abolition of titles
Right to Freedom
19	Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20	Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
21	Protection of life and personal liberty.
21 A	Right to education
22	Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
Right against Exploitation
23	Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
24	Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc
Right to Freedom of Religion
25	Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
26	Freedom to manage religious affairs
27	Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
28	Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.
Cultural and Educational Rights
29	Protection of interests of minorities.
30	Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
31	Repealed
Saving of Certain Laws
31A	Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31B	Validation of certain Acts and Regulations
31C	Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
31D	Repealed
Right to Constitutional Remedies
32	Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part
32A	Repealed
33	Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc
34	Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area
35	Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

Part IV : Directive Principles  ( Article 36-51 )

Article	Importance
36	Definition
37	Application of the principles contained in this Part.
38	State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people
39	Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
39A	Equal justice and free legal aid
40	Organisation of village panchayats
41	Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases
42	Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
43	Living wage, etc., for workers.
43A	Participation of workers in management of industries.
44	Uniform civil code for the citizens.
45	Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
46	Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections
47	Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health
48	Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
48A	Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife.
49	Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
50	Separation of judiciary from executive
51	Promotion of international peace and security.

Part IVA  : Fundamental Duties (Article  51A )

Article	Importance
51A	Fundamental duties

Part V : The Union (Article 52 -151)

Article	Importance
Chapter : I   The Executive
The President and Vice-President
52	The President of India
53	Executive power of the Union.
54	Election of President.
55	Manner of election of President
56	Term of office of President.
57	Eligibility for re-election.
58	Qualifications for election as President.
59	Conditions of President’s office.
60	Oath or affirmation by the President.
61	Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62	Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
63	The Vice-President of India
64	The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
65	The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President
66	Election of Vice-President
67	Term of office of Vice-President
68	Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
69	Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President
70	Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies
71	Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
72	Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
73	Extent of executive power of the Union.
Council of Ministers
74	Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
75	Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Attorney-General for India
76	Attorney-General for India.
Conduct of Government Business
77	Conduct of business of the Government of India.
78	Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc
Chapter II : Parliament
General
79	Constitution of Parliament
80	Composition of the Council of States
81	Composition of the House of the People.
82	Readjustment after each census
83	Duration of Houses of Parliament.
84	Qualification for membership of Parliament.
85	Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
86	Right of President to address and send messages to Houses
87	Special address by the President
88	Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses
Officers of Parliament
89	The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
90	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
91	Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
92	The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
93	The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
94	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
95	Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker
96	The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
97	Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker
98	Secretariat of Parliament
Conduct of Business
99	Oath or affirmation by members
100	Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
101	Vacation of seats.
102	Disqualifications for membership.
103	Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104	Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105	Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
106.	Salaries and allowances of members
Legislative Procedure
107	Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108	Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
109	Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110	Definition of “Money Bills”
111	Assent to Bills.
Procedure in Financial Matters
112	Annual financial statement.
113	Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
114	Appropriation Bills.
115	Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116	Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117	Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
118	Rules of procedure
119	Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.
120	Language to be used in Parliament.
121	Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
122	Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.
Chapter III : Legislative Powers Of The President
123	Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
Chapter IV : The Union Judiciary
124	Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court.
125	Salaries, etc., of Judges
126	Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
127	Appointment of ad hoc judges.
128	Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
129.	Supreme Court to be a court of record
130	Seat of Supreme Court
131	Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
131A	Repealed
132	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases
133.	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters
134	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters
134A	Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
135	Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
136	Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
137	Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
138	Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
139	Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.
139A	Transfer of certain cases.
140	Ancillary powers of Supreme Court.
141	Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
142	Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143	Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
144	Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
144A	Repealed
145	Rules of Court, etc.
146	Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.
147	Interpretation
Chapter V : Comptroller  And Auditor-General Of India
148	Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
149	Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General
150	Form of accounts of the Union and of the States
151	Audit reports.

Chapter I : General
152	Definition.
Chapter II : The Executive
The Governor
153	Governors of States.
154	Executive power of State
155	Appointment of Governor.
156	Term of office of Governor.
157	Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
158	Conditions of Governor’s office
159	Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
160	Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
161	Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
162	Extent of executive power of State
Council of Ministers
163	Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164	Other provisions as to Ministers The Advocate-General for the State
165	Advocate-General for the State. Conduct of Government Business
166	Conduct of business of the Government of a State
167	Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
Chapter III : The State Legislature
General
168	Constitution of Legislatures in States
169	Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170	Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171	Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172	Duration of State Legislatures.
173	Qualification for membership of the State Legislature
174	Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175	Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176 177.	Special address by the Governor. Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses
Officers of the State Legislature
178	The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
180	Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
181.	The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
182	The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
184	Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
185	The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
186	Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
187	Secretariat of State Legislature.
Conduct of Business
188	Oath or affirmation by members.
189	Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
190	Vacation of seats
191	Disqualifications for membership.
192	Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193.	Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified
Powers, privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194	Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof.
195.	Salaries and allowances of members
Legislative Procedure
196.	Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
197	Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
198	Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199.	Definition of “Money Bills”
200	Assent to Bills.
201	Bills reserved for consideration.
Procedure in Financial Matters
202	Annual financial statement.
203	Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204	Appropriation Bills.
205	Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206	Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
207	Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
208	Rules of procedure.
209	Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business.
210.	Language to be used in the Legislature
211	Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.
212.	Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature
Chapter IV : Legislative Power Of The  Governor
213	Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature
Chapter V : The High Courts In The States
214	High Courts for States.
215	High Courts to be courts of record.
216	Constitution of High Courts.
217	Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
218	Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.
219	Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
220	Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
221	Salaries, etc., of Judges.
222	Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
223	Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
224	Appointment of additional and acting Judges.
224A	Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
225	Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
226	Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
226A	Repealed
227	Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
228	Transfer of certain cases to High Court.
228A	Repealed
229	Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
230	Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
231	Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
Chapter VI : Subordinate Courts
233.	Appointment of district judges
233A	Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.
234	Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
235	Control over subordinate courts.
236	Interpretation.
237	Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.

PART VII : THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE(Repealed)

Article	Importance
238	Repealed

PART VIII : THE UNION TERRITORIES (239 – 242)

Article	Importance
239	Administration of Union territories
239A	Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories
239A	Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
239AA	Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
239AB	Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
240	Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
241	High Courts for Union territories.
242	Repealed

PART IX : THE PANCHAYATS(243 – 243O)

Article	Importance
243	Definitions.
243A	Gram Sabha.
243B	Constitution of Panchayats.
243C	Composition of Panchayats.
243D	Reservation of seats.
243E	Duration of Panchayats, etc
243F	Disqualifications for membership.
243G	Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
243H	Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
243-I	Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.
243J	Audit of accounts of Panchayat
243K	Elections to the Panchayats.
243L	Application to Union territories.
243M	Part not to apply to certain areas.
243N	Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
243-O	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

PART IXA : THE MUNICIPALITIES(243P – 243ZG)

Article	Importance
243P	Definitions.
243Q	Constitution of Municipalities.
243R	Composition of Municipalities.
243S	Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
243T	Reservation of seats.
243U.	Duration of Municipalities, etc
243V	Disqualifications for membership.
243W	Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
243X..	Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities
243	Finance Commission.
243Z	Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
243ZA	Elections to the Municipalities.
243ZB	Application to Union territories.
243ZC	Part not to apply to certain areas.
243ZE	Committee for Metropolitan planning.
243ZF	Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities
243ZG	Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.

PART X : THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS(244 – 244A)

Article	Importance
244	Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
244A	Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.
Article		Importance
CHAPTER I : LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
Distribution of Legislative Powers
245		Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246		Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
247		Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
248		Residuary powers of legislation.
249		Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
250.		Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
251		Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252		Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
253		Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
254		Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
255		Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.
CHAPTER II : ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
General
256		Obligation of States and the Union.
257		Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
257A		Repealed
258		Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
258A		Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
259		Repealed
260		Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261		Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
Disputes relating to Waters
262		Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys. Co-ordination between States
263		Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.

PART XII : FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS(264 – 300A)

Article	Importance
CHAPTER I : FINANCE
General
264	Interpretation.
265	Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266	Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267	Contingency Fund.
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268	Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
269	Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270	Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
271	Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272	Repealed
273	Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274.	Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested
275	Grants from the Union to certain States.
276	Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
277	Savings.
278	Repealed.
279	Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.
280	Finance Commission.
281	Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
Miscellaneous financial provisions
282	Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
283	Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts.
284	Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts.
285	Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
286	Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287	Exemption from taxes on electricity.
288	Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
289	Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290	Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
290A	Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
291	Repealed
CHAPTER II : BORROWING
292	Borrowing by the Government of India.
293	Borrowing by States.
CHAPTER III : PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
294	Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295	Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296	Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297	Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298	Power to carry on trade, etc.
299	Contracts.
300	Suits and proceedings
CHAPTER IV : RIGHT TO PROPERTY
300A	Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.

PART XIII : TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA(301 – 307) 

Article	Importance
301.	Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
302	Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
303	Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce.
304	Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305	Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306	Repealed
307	Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.

PART XIV : SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES(308 – 323)

Article	Importance
CHAPTER I : SERVICES
308	Interpretation.
309	Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
310	Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311	Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
312	All-India services.
312A	Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.
313	Transitional provisions
314	Repeated
CHAPTER II : PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
315	Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316	Appointment and term of office of members.
317	Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318	Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
319	Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.
320	Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321	Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322	Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323	Reports of Public Service Commissions.

PART XIVA : TRIBUNALS(323A – 323B)

Article	Importance
323A	Administrative tribunals
323B	Tribunals for other matters.

PART XV : ELECTIONS(324 – 329)

Article	Importance
324	Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
325	No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326	Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
327	Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328	Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
329	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
329A	Repealed

PART XVI : SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES(330 – 342)

Article	Importance
330	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
331	Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333	Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
334	Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
335	Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336	Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337	Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian Community.
338	National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
338A	National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
339	Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes
340	Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
341	Scheduled Castes.
342	Scheduled Tribes.

PART XVII : OFFICIAL LANGUAGE (343 – 351)

Article	Importance
CHAPTER I : LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
343	Official language of the Union.
344	Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.
CHAPTER II : REGIONAL LANGUAGES
345	Official language or languages of a State.
346	Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
347	Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.
CHAPTER III : LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC.
348.	Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc
349	Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.
CHAPTER IV : SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
350	Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
350A	Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
350B	Special Officer for linguistic minorities.
351	Directive for development of the Hindi language.

PART XVIII : EMERGENCY PROVISIONS(352 – 360)

Article	Importance
352	Proclamation of Emergency.
353	Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
354.	Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
355	Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
356	Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
357	Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
358	Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.
359.	Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies
359A	Repealed
360	Provisions as to financial emergency.

PART XIX : MISCELLANEOUS(361 – 367)

Article	Importance
361	Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukh.
361A	Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.
361B	Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.
362	Repealed
363	Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
363A	Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished.
364	Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
365	Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.
366	Definitions.
367	Interpretation.

PART XX : AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION (368)

Article	Importance
368	Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.

PART XXI : TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS(369 – 392)

Article	Importance
369	Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
370	Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
371	Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
371A	Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
371B.	Special provision with respect to the State of Assam
371C	Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
371D	Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
371E	Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
371F	Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
371G	Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
371H	Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
371-I	Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.
372.	Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation
372A	Power of the President to adapt laws.
373	Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.
374	Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
375	Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
376	Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
377	Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
378	Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.
378A	Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
379-391	Repealed
392	Power of the President to remove difficulties.

PART XXII : SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS (393 – 395)

Article	Importance
393	Short title
394	Commencement
394A	Authoritative text in the Hindi language.
395	Repeals.

SCHEDULES

Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorize and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.Indian Constitution originally had eight schedules.Four more schedules were added by different amendments, now making a total tally of twelve.

Schedules	Description
First Schedule	I – The States. II. – The Union territories.
Second Schedule	PART A –  Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States. PART B – Repealed PART C –   Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of   the House of  the    People   and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of   the Council   of      States   and   the  Speaker  and  the  Deputy Speaker  of  the   Legislative Assembly and the Chairman  and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative  Council of a State PART D – Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts. PART E – Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
Third Schedule	Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
Fourth Schedule	Allocation of seats in the Council of States.
Fifth Schedule	Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled  Areas and Scheduled Tribes PART A – General. PART B – Administration and  Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes. PART C – Scheduled Areas. PART D – Amendment of the Schedule.
Sixth Schedule	Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule	List I – Union List. List II –  State List. List III – Concurrent List.
Eighth Schedule	List of Recognised Languages
Ninth Schedule	Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
Tenth Schedule	Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.
Eleventh Schedule	Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
Twelfth Schedule	Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.

BORROWED FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The given below are the borrowed features of Indian Constitution from other countries :

From U.K.

• Nominal Head – President (like Queen)
• Cabinet System of Ministers
• Post of PM
• Parliamentary Type of Govt.
• Bicameral Parliament
• Lower House more powerful
• Council of Ministers responsible to Lowe House
• Speaker in Lok Sabha

From U.S.

• Written Constitution
• Executive head of state known as President and his being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
• Vice- President as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha
• Fundamental Rights
• Supreme Court
• Provision of States
• Independence of Judiciary and judicial review
• Preamble
• Removal of Supreme court and High court Judges

From USSR

• Fundamental Duties
• Five year Plan

From AUSTRALIA

• Concurrent list
• Language of the preamble
• Provision regarding trade, commerce and intercourse

From JAPAN

• Law on which the Supreme Court function

From WEIMAR CONSTITUTION OF GERMANY

• Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency

From CANADA

• Scheme of federation with a strong centre
• Distribution of powers between centre and the states and placing. Residuary Powers with the centre

From IRELAND

• Concept of Directive Principles of State’s Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN)
• Method of election of President
• Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President

From SOUTH AFRICA

• Amendment Of the Indian Constitution

#Source of Indian constitution adopted from _
* Judicial review __ usa
*President system _ usa
*fundamental rights_ usa
*Preamble _ usa
*Law making procedure _ UK
* Parliament system _ UK
* Directive principles _ Ireland
* president election _ Ireland
* Federal system _ Canada
* emergency system _ Germany
* fundamental duties _ Russia
* Concurrent list _ Australia
* Rajyasabha _ south Africa
* Supreme & High court _ usa